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How to calculate the two limits?



The Next CEO of Stack OverflowCompute $lim limits_{xtoinfty} (frac{x-2}{x+2})^x$limits of the sequence $n/(n+1)$How to calculate $lim_{xto1}left(frac{1+cos(pi x)}{tan^2(pi x)}right)^{!x^2}$Calculate the limit of integralHow to evaluate $lim_{xtoinfty}arctan (4/x)/ |arcsin (-3/x)|$?Is there a way to get at this limit problem algebraically?Calculate $lim_{x to infty}(x+1)e^{-2x}$How to calculate $lim_{nto infty } frac{n^n}{n!^2}$?Calculate the limit: $lim limits_{n rightarrow infty } frac {4(n+3)!-n!}{n((n+2)!-(n-1)!)}$How to solve the limit $limlimits_{xto infty} (x arctan x - frac{xpi}{2})$












3












$begingroup$



I got stuck on two exercises below
$$
limlimits_{xrightarrow +infty} left(frac{2}{pi} arctan x right)^x \
lim_{xrightarrow 3^+} frac{cos x ln(x-3)}{ln(e^x-e^3)}
$$




For the first one , let $y=(frac{2}{pi} arctan x )^x $, so $ln y =xln (frac{2}{pi} arctan x )$, the right part is $infty cdot 0$ type, but seemly, the L 'hopital's rule is useless. PS: I know the $infty cdot 0$ can be become to $frac{infty}{infty}$ or $frac{0}{0}$. But when I use the L 'hopital's rule to the $frac{infty}{infty}$ or $frac{0}{0}$ the calculation is complex and useless.



For the second one , it is $frac{infty}{infty}$ type, also useless the L 'hopital's rule is. How to calculate it ?






calculus limits







share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    For $0timesinfty$ types, you can algebraically transform them into either $frac{0}{0}$ or $frac{infty}{infty}$, where you can try using L'Hopital's (though it may not help): just remember that $ab = frac{a}{ frac{1}{b} }$. And, L'Hopital's Rule is applicable for $frac{infty}{infty}$ indeterminates...
    $endgroup$
    – Arturo Magidin
    2 hours ago
















3












$begingroup$



I got stuck on two exercises below
$$
limlimits_{xrightarrow +infty} left(frac{2}{pi} arctan x right)^x \
lim_{xrightarrow 3^+} frac{cos x ln(x-3)}{ln(e^x-e^3)}
$$




For the first one , let $y=(frac{2}{pi} arctan x )^x $, so $ln y =xln (frac{2}{pi} arctan x )$, the right part is $infty cdot 0$ type, but seemly, the L 'hopital's rule is useless. PS: I know the $infty cdot 0$ can be become to $frac{infty}{infty}$ or $frac{0}{0}$. But when I use the L 'hopital's rule to the $frac{infty}{infty}$ or $frac{0}{0}$ the calculation is complex and useless.



For the second one , it is $frac{infty}{infty}$ type, also useless the L 'hopital's rule is. How to calculate it ?






calculus limits







share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    For $0timesinfty$ types, you can algebraically transform them into either $frac{0}{0}$ or $frac{infty}{infty}$, where you can try using L'Hopital's (though it may not help): just remember that $ab = frac{a}{ frac{1}{b} }$. And, L'Hopital's Rule is applicable for $frac{infty}{infty}$ indeterminates...
    $endgroup$
    – Arturo Magidin
    2 hours ago














3












3








3





$begingroup$



I got stuck on two exercises below
$$
limlimits_{xrightarrow +infty} left(frac{2}{pi} arctan x right)^x \
lim_{xrightarrow 3^+} frac{cos x ln(x-3)}{ln(e^x-e^3)}
$$




For the first one , let $y=(frac{2}{pi} arctan x )^x $, so $ln y =xln (frac{2}{pi} arctan x )$, the right part is $infty cdot 0$ type, but seemly, the L 'hopital's rule is useless. PS: I know the $infty cdot 0$ can be become to $frac{infty}{infty}$ or $frac{0}{0}$. But when I use the L 'hopital's rule to the $frac{infty}{infty}$ or $frac{0}{0}$ the calculation is complex and useless.



For the second one , it is $frac{infty}{infty}$ type, also useless the L 'hopital's rule is. How to calculate it ?






calculus limits







share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$





I got stuck on two exercises below
$$
limlimits_{xrightarrow +infty} left(frac{2}{pi} arctan x right)^x \
lim_{xrightarrow 3^+} frac{cos x ln(x-3)}{ln(e^x-e^3)}
$$




For the first one , let $y=(frac{2}{pi} arctan x )^x $, so $ln y =xln (frac{2}{pi} arctan x )$, the right part is $infty cdot 0$ type, but seemly, the L 'hopital's rule is useless. PS: I know the $infty cdot 0$ can be become to $frac{infty}{infty}$ or $frac{0}{0}$. But when I use the L 'hopital's rule to the $frac{infty}{infty}$ or $frac{0}{0}$ the calculation is complex and useless.



For the second one , it is $frac{infty}{infty}$ type, also useless the L 'hopital's rule is. How to calculate it ?






calculus limits




calculus limits






share|cite|improve this question















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited 1 min ago









rash

599116




599116










asked 2 hours ago









lanse7ptylanse7pty

1,8411823




1,8411823












  • $begingroup$
    For $0timesinfty$ types, you can algebraically transform them into either $frac{0}{0}$ or $frac{infty}{infty}$, where you can try using L'Hopital's (though it may not help): just remember that $ab = frac{a}{ frac{1}{b} }$. And, L'Hopital's Rule is applicable for $frac{infty}{infty}$ indeterminates...
    $endgroup$
    – Arturo Magidin
    2 hours ago


















  • $begingroup$
    For $0timesinfty$ types, you can algebraically transform them into either $frac{0}{0}$ or $frac{infty}{infty}$, where you can try using L'Hopital's (though it may not help): just remember that $ab = frac{a}{ frac{1}{b} }$. And, L'Hopital's Rule is applicable for $frac{infty}{infty}$ indeterminates...
    $endgroup$
    – Arturo Magidin
    2 hours ago
















$begingroup$
For $0timesinfty$ types, you can algebraically transform them into either $frac{0}{0}$ or $frac{infty}{infty}$, where you can try using L'Hopital's (though it may not help): just remember that $ab = frac{a}{ frac{1}{b} }$. And, L'Hopital's Rule is applicable for $frac{infty}{infty}$ indeterminates...
$endgroup$
– Arturo Magidin
2 hours ago




$begingroup$
For $0timesinfty$ types, you can algebraically transform them into either $frac{0}{0}$ or $frac{infty}{infty}$, where you can try using L'Hopital's (though it may not help): just remember that $ab = frac{a}{ frac{1}{b} }$. And, L'Hopital's Rule is applicable for $frac{infty}{infty}$ indeterminates...
$endgroup$
– Arturo Magidin
2 hours ago










4 Answers
4






active

oldest

votes


















2












$begingroup$

Rewrite $inftycdot 0$ as $infty cdot dfrac{1}{infty}$. Now you can apply L'Hopital's rule: $$lim_{xto +infty}dfrac{left(ln 2/picdotarctan x right)}{1/x}=lim_{xto +infty}dfrac{pi/2cdot arctan x}{-1/x^2}cdot dfrac{1}{1+x^2}=-dfrac{pi }{2}lim_{xto +infty}arctan xcdot dfrac{x^2}{1+x^2}$$






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$





















    1












    $begingroup$

    Without L'Hospital
    $$y=left(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right)^ximplies log(y)=x logleft(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right) $$



    Now, by Taylor for large values of $x$
    $$arctan (x)=frac{pi }{2}-frac{1}{x}+frac{1}{3 x^3}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^4}right)$$
    $$frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) =1-frac{2}{pi x}+frac{2}{3 pi x^3}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^4}right)$$ Taylor again
    $$logleft(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right)= -frac{2}{pi x}-frac{2}{pi ^2 x^2}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^3}right)$$
    $$log(y)=xlogleft(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right)= -frac{2}{pi }-frac{2}{pi ^2 x}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^2}right)$$ Just continue with Taylor using $y=e^{log(y)}$ if you want to see not only the limit but also how it is approached






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$





















      0












      $begingroup$

      I believe you can apply L'hopital's rule for an indeterminate form like $frac{infty}{infty}$.






      share|cite|improve this answer









      $endgroup$





















        0












        $begingroup$

        You can solve the first one using




        • $arctan x + operatorname{arccot}x = frac{pi}{2}$

        • $lim_{yto 0}(1-y)^{1/y} = e^{-1}$

        • $xoperatorname{arccot}x stackrel{stackrel{x =cot u}{uto 0^+}}{=} cot ucdot u = cos ucdot frac{u}{sin u} stackrel{u to 0^+}{longrightarrow} 1$


        begin{eqnarray*} left(frac{2}{pi} arctan x right)^x
        & stackrel{arctan x = frac{pi}{2}-operatorname{arccot}x}{=} & left( underbrace{left(1- frac{2}{pi}operatorname{arccot}xright)^{frac{pi}{2operatorname{arccot}x}}}_{stackrel{x to +infty}{longrightarrow} e^{-1}} right)^{frac{2}{pi}underbrace{xoperatorname{arccot}x}_{stackrel{x to +infty}{longrightarrow} 1}} \
        & stackrel{x to +infty}{longrightarrow} & e^{-frac{2}{pi}}
        end{eqnarray*}



        The second limit is quite straight forward as $lim_{xto 3+}cos x = cos 3$. Just consider





        • $frac{ln(x-3)}{ln(e^x-e^3)}$ and apply L'Hospital.






        share|cite|improve this answer









        $endgroup$














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          4 Answers
          4






          active

          oldest

          votes








          4 Answers
          4






          active

          oldest

          votes









          active

          oldest

          votes






          active

          oldest

          votes









          2












          $begingroup$

          Rewrite $inftycdot 0$ as $infty cdot dfrac{1}{infty}$. Now you can apply L'Hopital's rule: $$lim_{xto +infty}dfrac{left(ln 2/picdotarctan x right)}{1/x}=lim_{xto +infty}dfrac{pi/2cdot arctan x}{-1/x^2}cdot dfrac{1}{1+x^2}=-dfrac{pi }{2}lim_{xto +infty}arctan xcdot dfrac{x^2}{1+x^2}$$






          share|cite|improve this answer











          $endgroup$


















            2












            $begingroup$

            Rewrite $inftycdot 0$ as $infty cdot dfrac{1}{infty}$. Now you can apply L'Hopital's rule: $$lim_{xto +infty}dfrac{left(ln 2/picdotarctan x right)}{1/x}=lim_{xto +infty}dfrac{pi/2cdot arctan x}{-1/x^2}cdot dfrac{1}{1+x^2}=-dfrac{pi }{2}lim_{xto +infty}arctan xcdot dfrac{x^2}{1+x^2}$$






            share|cite|improve this answer











            $endgroup$
















              2












              2








              2





              $begingroup$

              Rewrite $inftycdot 0$ as $infty cdot dfrac{1}{infty}$. Now you can apply L'Hopital's rule: $$lim_{xto +infty}dfrac{left(ln 2/picdotarctan x right)}{1/x}=lim_{xto +infty}dfrac{pi/2cdot arctan x}{-1/x^2}cdot dfrac{1}{1+x^2}=-dfrac{pi }{2}lim_{xto +infty}arctan xcdot dfrac{x^2}{1+x^2}$$






              share|cite|improve this answer











              $endgroup$



              Rewrite $inftycdot 0$ as $infty cdot dfrac{1}{infty}$. Now you can apply L'Hopital's rule: $$lim_{xto +infty}dfrac{left(ln 2/picdotarctan x right)}{1/x}=lim_{xto +infty}dfrac{pi/2cdot arctan x}{-1/x^2}cdot dfrac{1}{1+x^2}=-dfrac{pi }{2}lim_{xto +infty}arctan xcdot dfrac{x^2}{1+x^2}$$







              share|cite|improve this answer














              share|cite|improve this answer



              share|cite|improve this answer








              edited 1 hour ago

























              answered 2 hours ago









              Paras KhoslaParas Khosla

              2,736423




              2,736423























                  1












                  $begingroup$

                  Without L'Hospital
                  $$y=left(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right)^ximplies log(y)=x logleft(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right) $$



                  Now, by Taylor for large values of $x$
                  $$arctan (x)=frac{pi }{2}-frac{1}{x}+frac{1}{3 x^3}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^4}right)$$
                  $$frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) =1-frac{2}{pi x}+frac{2}{3 pi x^3}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^4}right)$$ Taylor again
                  $$logleft(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right)= -frac{2}{pi x}-frac{2}{pi ^2 x^2}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^3}right)$$
                  $$log(y)=xlogleft(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right)= -frac{2}{pi }-frac{2}{pi ^2 x}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^2}right)$$ Just continue with Taylor using $y=e^{log(y)}$ if you want to see not only the limit but also how it is approached






                  share|cite|improve this answer









                  $endgroup$


















                    1












                    $begingroup$

                    Without L'Hospital
                    $$y=left(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right)^ximplies log(y)=x logleft(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right) $$



                    Now, by Taylor for large values of $x$
                    $$arctan (x)=frac{pi }{2}-frac{1}{x}+frac{1}{3 x^3}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^4}right)$$
                    $$frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) =1-frac{2}{pi x}+frac{2}{3 pi x^3}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^4}right)$$ Taylor again
                    $$logleft(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right)= -frac{2}{pi x}-frac{2}{pi ^2 x^2}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^3}right)$$
                    $$log(y)=xlogleft(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right)= -frac{2}{pi }-frac{2}{pi ^2 x}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^2}right)$$ Just continue with Taylor using $y=e^{log(y)}$ if you want to see not only the limit but also how it is approached






                    share|cite|improve this answer









                    $endgroup$
















                      1












                      1








                      1





                      $begingroup$

                      Without L'Hospital
                      $$y=left(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right)^ximplies log(y)=x logleft(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right) $$



                      Now, by Taylor for large values of $x$
                      $$arctan (x)=frac{pi }{2}-frac{1}{x}+frac{1}{3 x^3}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^4}right)$$
                      $$frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) =1-frac{2}{pi x}+frac{2}{3 pi x^3}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^4}right)$$ Taylor again
                      $$logleft(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right)= -frac{2}{pi x}-frac{2}{pi ^2 x^2}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^3}right)$$
                      $$log(y)=xlogleft(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right)= -frac{2}{pi }-frac{2}{pi ^2 x}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^2}right)$$ Just continue with Taylor using $y=e^{log(y)}$ if you want to see not only the limit but also how it is approached






                      share|cite|improve this answer









                      $endgroup$



                      Without L'Hospital
                      $$y=left(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right)^ximplies log(y)=x logleft(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right) $$



                      Now, by Taylor for large values of $x$
                      $$arctan (x)=frac{pi }{2}-frac{1}{x}+frac{1}{3 x^3}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^4}right)$$
                      $$frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) =1-frac{2}{pi x}+frac{2}{3 pi x^3}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^4}right)$$ Taylor again
                      $$logleft(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right)= -frac{2}{pi x}-frac{2}{pi ^2 x^2}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^3}right)$$
                      $$log(y)=xlogleft(frac{2}{pi} arctan (x) right)= -frac{2}{pi }-frac{2}{pi ^2 x}+Oleft(frac{1}{x^2}right)$$ Just continue with Taylor using $y=e^{log(y)}$ if you want to see not only the limit but also how it is approached







                      share|cite|improve this answer












                      share|cite|improve this answer



                      share|cite|improve this answer










                      answered 1 hour ago









                      Claude LeiboviciClaude Leibovici

                      125k1158136




                      125k1158136























                          0












                          $begingroup$

                          I believe you can apply L'hopital's rule for an indeterminate form like $frac{infty}{infty}$.






                          share|cite|improve this answer









                          $endgroup$


















                            0












                            $begingroup$

                            I believe you can apply L'hopital's rule for an indeterminate form like $frac{infty}{infty}$.






                            share|cite|improve this answer









                            $endgroup$
















                              0












                              0








                              0





                              $begingroup$

                              I believe you can apply L'hopital's rule for an indeterminate form like $frac{infty}{infty}$.






                              share|cite|improve this answer









                              $endgroup$



                              I believe you can apply L'hopital's rule for an indeterminate form like $frac{infty}{infty}$.







                              share|cite|improve this answer












                              share|cite|improve this answer



                              share|cite|improve this answer










                              answered 2 hours ago









                              AdmuthAdmuth

                              385




                              385























                                  0












                                  $begingroup$

                                  You can solve the first one using




                                  • $arctan x + operatorname{arccot}x = frac{pi}{2}$

                                  • $lim_{yto 0}(1-y)^{1/y} = e^{-1}$

                                  • $xoperatorname{arccot}x stackrel{stackrel{x =cot u}{uto 0^+}}{=} cot ucdot u = cos ucdot frac{u}{sin u} stackrel{u to 0^+}{longrightarrow} 1$


                                  begin{eqnarray*} left(frac{2}{pi} arctan x right)^x
                                  & stackrel{arctan x = frac{pi}{2}-operatorname{arccot}x}{=} & left( underbrace{left(1- frac{2}{pi}operatorname{arccot}xright)^{frac{pi}{2operatorname{arccot}x}}}_{stackrel{x to +infty}{longrightarrow} e^{-1}} right)^{frac{2}{pi}underbrace{xoperatorname{arccot}x}_{stackrel{x to +infty}{longrightarrow} 1}} \
                                  & stackrel{x to +infty}{longrightarrow} & e^{-frac{2}{pi}}
                                  end{eqnarray*}



                                  The second limit is quite straight forward as $lim_{xto 3+}cos x = cos 3$. Just consider





                                  • $frac{ln(x-3)}{ln(e^x-e^3)}$ and apply L'Hospital.






                                  share|cite|improve this answer









                                  $endgroup$


















                                    0












                                    $begingroup$

                                    You can solve the first one using




                                    • $arctan x + operatorname{arccot}x = frac{pi}{2}$

                                    • $lim_{yto 0}(1-y)^{1/y} = e^{-1}$

                                    • $xoperatorname{arccot}x stackrel{stackrel{x =cot u}{uto 0^+}}{=} cot ucdot u = cos ucdot frac{u}{sin u} stackrel{u to 0^+}{longrightarrow} 1$


                                    begin{eqnarray*} left(frac{2}{pi} arctan x right)^x
                                    & stackrel{arctan x = frac{pi}{2}-operatorname{arccot}x}{=} & left( underbrace{left(1- frac{2}{pi}operatorname{arccot}xright)^{frac{pi}{2operatorname{arccot}x}}}_{stackrel{x to +infty}{longrightarrow} e^{-1}} right)^{frac{2}{pi}underbrace{xoperatorname{arccot}x}_{stackrel{x to +infty}{longrightarrow} 1}} \
                                    & stackrel{x to +infty}{longrightarrow} & e^{-frac{2}{pi}}
                                    end{eqnarray*}



                                    The second limit is quite straight forward as $lim_{xto 3+}cos x = cos 3$. Just consider





                                    • $frac{ln(x-3)}{ln(e^x-e^3)}$ and apply L'Hospital.






                                    share|cite|improve this answer









                                    $endgroup$
















                                      0












                                      0








                                      0





                                      $begingroup$

                                      You can solve the first one using




                                      • $arctan x + operatorname{arccot}x = frac{pi}{2}$

                                      • $lim_{yto 0}(1-y)^{1/y} = e^{-1}$

                                      • $xoperatorname{arccot}x stackrel{stackrel{x =cot u}{uto 0^+}}{=} cot ucdot u = cos ucdot frac{u}{sin u} stackrel{u to 0^+}{longrightarrow} 1$


                                      begin{eqnarray*} left(frac{2}{pi} arctan x right)^x
                                      & stackrel{arctan x = frac{pi}{2}-operatorname{arccot}x}{=} & left( underbrace{left(1- frac{2}{pi}operatorname{arccot}xright)^{frac{pi}{2operatorname{arccot}x}}}_{stackrel{x to +infty}{longrightarrow} e^{-1}} right)^{frac{2}{pi}underbrace{xoperatorname{arccot}x}_{stackrel{x to +infty}{longrightarrow} 1}} \
                                      & stackrel{x to +infty}{longrightarrow} & e^{-frac{2}{pi}}
                                      end{eqnarray*}



                                      The second limit is quite straight forward as $lim_{xto 3+}cos x = cos 3$. Just consider





                                      • $frac{ln(x-3)}{ln(e^x-e^3)}$ and apply L'Hospital.






                                      share|cite|improve this answer









                                      $endgroup$



                                      You can solve the first one using




                                      • $arctan x + operatorname{arccot}x = frac{pi}{2}$

                                      • $lim_{yto 0}(1-y)^{1/y} = e^{-1}$

                                      • $xoperatorname{arccot}x stackrel{stackrel{x =cot u}{uto 0^+}}{=} cot ucdot u = cos ucdot frac{u}{sin u} stackrel{u to 0^+}{longrightarrow} 1$


                                      begin{eqnarray*} left(frac{2}{pi} arctan x right)^x
                                      & stackrel{arctan x = frac{pi}{2}-operatorname{arccot}x}{=} & left( underbrace{left(1- frac{2}{pi}operatorname{arccot}xright)^{frac{pi}{2operatorname{arccot}x}}}_{stackrel{x to +infty}{longrightarrow} e^{-1}} right)^{frac{2}{pi}underbrace{xoperatorname{arccot}x}_{stackrel{x to +infty}{longrightarrow} 1}} \
                                      & stackrel{x to +infty}{longrightarrow} & e^{-frac{2}{pi}}
                                      end{eqnarray*}



                                      The second limit is quite straight forward as $lim_{xto 3+}cos x = cos 3$. Just consider





                                      • $frac{ln(x-3)}{ln(e^x-e^3)}$ and apply L'Hospital.







                                      share|cite|improve this answer












                                      share|cite|improve this answer



                                      share|cite|improve this answer










                                      answered 18 mins ago









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